| AFGAfghanistan | — | 46
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ALBAlbania | — | 70
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | NATO trade allysrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| DZAAlgeria | #55 | 66
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU neighbourhoodsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| ANDAndorra | — | 36
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| AGOAngola | #65 | 70
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ATGAntigua and Barbuda | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ARGArgentina | #24 | 73
| americas | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD shadow usesrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ARMArmenia | — | 53
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| AUSAustralia | #13 | 62
| oceania | Quad infrasrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | Ericsson/Nokia majorsrc↗ | Quad economysrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| AUTAustria | #28 | 81
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| AZEAzerbaijan | — | 46
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BHSBahamas | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BHRBahrain | — | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BGDBangladesh | #35 | 70
| asia | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BRBBarbados | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BLRBelarus | — | 53
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms blockedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BELBelgium | #26 | 75
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| BLZBelize | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BENBenin | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BTNBhutan | — | 46
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BOLBolivia | — | 50
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BIHBosnia and Herzegovina | — | 60
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| BWABotswana | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BRABrazil | #9 | 64
| americas | No PGII entry | No BRI MoU | Mercosur-EU deal | Big-tech dominant | Huawei major 5G | LGPD aligned GDPR | 11 % exports | 31 % exports | 14 % exports | USD 80 % reserves | BRICS pool access | EUR 5 % reserves |
| BRNBrunei | — | 60
| asia | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | RCEP membersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BGRBulgaria | — | 81
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| BFABurkina Faso | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| BDIBurundi | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CPVCabo Verde | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KHMCambodia | — | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | RCEP membersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CMRCameroon | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CANCanada | #10 | 64
| americas | USMCA / IMEC-aligned | No BRI MoU | CETA | 5G coordination | Huawei/ZTE banned | Digital Partnership | 75 % exports | 4 % exports | 5.5 % exports | USD-CAD swap unlimited | C$30B CNY swap | EUR-CAD swap |
| CAFCentral African Republic | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TCDChad | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CHLChile | #43 | 76
| americas | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CHNChina | #2 | 96
| asia | PGII target | — | Global Gateway target | Nvidia/TSMC ban | — | 5G risk-toolbox | 15 % exports | — | 15 % exports | OFAC secondary risk | — | €350B bilateral swap |
| COLColombia | #42 | 53
| americas | PGII focussrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| COMComoros | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CRICosta Rica | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| HRVCroatia | — | 88
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| CUBCuba | — | 56
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| CYPCyprus | — | 81
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| CZECzech Republic | #47 | 81
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| CODDemocratic Republic of the Congo | — | 63
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| DNKDenmark | #39 | 68
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| DJIDjibouti | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| DMADominica | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| DOMDominican Republic | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ECUEcuador | — | 56
| americas | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| EGYEgypt | #38 | 70
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| SLVEl Salvador | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GNQEquatorial Guinea | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ERIEritrea | — | 50
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ESTEstonia | — | 85
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| SWZEswatini | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ETHEthiopia | #60 | 56
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| FSMFederated States of Micronesia | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| FJIFiji | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| FINFinland | #48 | 75
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| FRAFrance | #7 | 64
| europe | PGII ally | No BRI MoU | Core TEN-T | ≈ 35 % 5G RAN | Huawei ≤ 2028 | ≈ 55 % 5G RAN | 7.5 % exports | 4.2 % exports | 55 % exports | USD 18 % reserves | €45B CNY swap | EUR core |
| GABGabon | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GMBGambia | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GEOGeorgia | — | 60
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| DEUGermany | #3 | 66
| europe | PGII ally | No BRI MoU | Core TEN-T | ≈ 30 % 5G RAN | ≈ 15 % 5G RAN | ≈ 55 % 5G RAN | 9.8 % exports | 6.1 % exports | 54 % exports | USD 16 % reserves | €25B CNY swap | EUR 84 % reserves |
| GHAGhana | #70 | 70
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GRCGreece | #52 | 88
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| GRDGrenada | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GTMGuatemala | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GINGuinea | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GNBGuinea-Bissau | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GUYGuyana | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| HTIHaiti | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| HNDHonduras | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| HUNHungary | #54 | 85
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| ISLIceland | — | 56
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU neighbourhoodsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | NATO trade allysrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | ECB swap linesrc↗ |
| INDIndia | #5 | 66
| asia | IMEC corridor | Declined BRI | EU-India Connectivity | iCET Initiative | TikTok/WeChat ban | TTC launched | 18 % exports | 4 % exports | 17 % exports | USD 60 % reserves | No swap line | EUR 7 % reserves |
| IDNIndonesia | #16 | 72
| asia | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| IRNIran | #23 | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms blockedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | SCO monetary coop.src↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| IRQIraq | #50 | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| IRLIreland | #30 | 68
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| ISRIsrael | #29 | 56
| asia | IMEC membersrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | IMEC partnersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| ITAItaly | #8 | 64
| europe | PGII ally | Left BRI (2023) | Core TEN-T | Cloud partnerships | 5G golden power review | ≈ 55 % 5G RAN | 10.5 % exports | 2.8 % exports | 51 % exports | USD 12 % reserves | No swap | EUR core |
| CIVIvory Coast | — | 53
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| JAMJamaica | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| JPNJapan | #4 | 88
| asia | Quad Infra | Signed MoU (2018) | EU-Japan Connectivity | CHIPS Act ally | Huawei restricted | Digital Partnership | 20 % exports | 17 % exports | 9.5 % exports | USD 82 % reserves | ¥3T CNY swap | EUR 5 % reserves |
| JORJordan | — | 50
| asia | IMEC membersrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| KAZKazakhstan | #53 | 63
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KENKenya | #67 | 70
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KIRKiribati | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KWTKuwait | — | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KGZKyrgyzstan | — | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | SCO monetary coop.src↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LAOLaos | — | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LVALatvia | — | 85
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| LBNLebanon | — | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU neighbourhoodsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD shadow usesrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| LSOLesotho | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LBRLiberia | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LBYLibya | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LIELiechtenstein | — | 33
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LTULithuania | — | 85
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| LUXLuxembourg | — | 81
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| MDGMadagascar | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MWIMalawi | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MYSMalaysia | #36 | 70
| asia | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MDVMaldives | — | 46
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MLIMali | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MLTMalta | — | 75
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| MHLMarshall Islands | — | 33
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MRTMauritania | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MUSMauritius | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MEXMexico | #12 | 52
| americas | PGII focussrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | USMCA (~80% exports)src↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MDAMoldova | — | 66
| europe | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| MCOMonaco | — | 33
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MNGMongolia | — | 63
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MNEMontenegro | — | 66
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | NATO trade allysrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Euroised economysrc↗ |
| MARMorocco | #58 | 66
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| MOZMozambique | — | 63
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MMRMyanmar | — | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms blockedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NAMNamibia | — | 53
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NRUNauru | — | 33
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NPLNepal | — | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NLDNetherlands | #18 | 77
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| NZLNew Zealand | #51 | 66
| oceania | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | RCEP membersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NICNicaragua | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NERNiger | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| NGANigeria | #32 | 63
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PRKNorth Korea | — | 40
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms blockedsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| MKDNorth Macedonia | — | 70
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | NATO trade allysrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| NORNorway | #27 | 60
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU neighbourhoodsrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | Ericsson/Nokia partialsrc↗ | NATO trade allysrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | ECB swap linesrc↗ |
| OMNOman | — | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PAKPakistan | #44 | 63
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PLWPalau | — | 33
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PANPanama | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PNGPapua New Guinea | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PRYParaguay | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PERPeru | #49 | 76
| americas | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| PHLPhilippines | #34 | 70
| asia | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| POLPoland | #20 | 83
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| PRTPortugal | #45 | 88
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| QATQatar | #56 | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| COGRepublic of the Congo | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ROURomania | #46 | 81
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| RUSRussia | #11 | 84
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms blockedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| RWARwanda | — | 53
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KNASaint Kitts and Nevis | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| LCASaint Lucia | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| VCTSaint Vincent and the Grenadines | — | 33
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| WSMSamoa | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SMRSan Marino | — | 33
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| STPSão Tomé and Príncipe | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SAUSaudi Arabia | #17 | 65
| asia | IMEC membersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | IMEC partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SENSenegal | — | 60
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SRBSerbia | — | 66
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| SYCSeychelles | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SLESierra Leone | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SGPSingapore | #33 | 60
| asia | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | RCEP membersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SVKSlovakia | — | 88
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| SVNSlovenia | — | 88
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| SLBSolomon Islands | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SOMSomalia | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ZAFSouth Africa | #40 | 63
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| KORSouth Korea | #14 | 58
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SSDSouth Sudan | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ESPSpain | #15 | 77
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned partialsrc↗ | Huawei restrictedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | Eurozone membersrc↗ |
| LKASri Lanka | — | 53
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SDNSudan | — | 50
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SURSuriname | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| SWESweden | #22 | 68
| europe | NATO allysrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU-27 membersrc↗ | US-aligned / HW bannedsrc↗ | Huawei 5G bannedsrc↗ | EU digital acquissrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Single marketsrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EU non-eurosrc↗ |
| CHESwitzerland | #21 | 50
| europe | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | EU neighbourhoodsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | Fed swap / USD coresrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | ECB swap linesrc↗ |
| SYRSyria | — | 46
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TJKTajikistan | — | 50
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TZATanzania | #72 | 70
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| THAThailand | #25 | 56
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TLSTimor-Leste | — | 46
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TGOTogo | — | 46
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TONTonga | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TTOTrinidad and Tobago | — | 46
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TUNTunisia | — | 66
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU Med. partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| TURTurkey | #19 | 78
| asia | NATO allysrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | EU neighbourhoodsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | NATO trade allysrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| TKMTurkmenistan | — | 50
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| TUVTuvalu | — | 33
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | Not BRIsrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 China partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | No PBoC swapsrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| UGAUganda | — | 53
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| UKRUkraine | #57 | 66
| europe | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | EU top-2 partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR-reserve partnersrc↗ |
| AREUnited Arab Emirates | #31 | 63
| asia | IMEC membersrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | IMEC partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| GBRUnited Kingdom | #6 | 64
| europe | Atlantic Dec. | Left CDB/AIIB talks | TCA framework | Tech Bridge | Huawei rip-out 2027 | Data adequacy | 21 % exports | 4.5 % exports | 41 % exports | USD-GBP swap unlimited | £350B CNY swap | GBP-EUR swap |
| USAUnited States | #1 | 98
| americas | — | No BRI MoU | TTC partner | — | Huawei/ZTE banned | DMA-aligned | — | 7 % exports | 22 % exports | — | No CNY swap | USD-EUR swap unlimited |
| URYUruguay | — | 53
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | GDPR adequatesrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| UZBUzbekistan | — | 63
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | CNY swap linesrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| VUTVanuatu | — | 46
| oceania | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| VENVenezuela | — | 56
| americas | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD shadow usesrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| VNMVietnam | #37 | 76
| asia | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | CPTPP partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| YEMYemen | — | 46
| asia | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | No Huawei rolloutsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | BRI trade linksrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ZMBZambia | — | 70
| africa | PGII focussrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | Global Gateway partnersrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China 1st partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD-dominant reservessrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |
| ZWEZimbabwe | — | 56
| africa | No PGII programmesrc↗ | BRI membersrc↗ | No GG partnershipsrc↗ | US platforms dominantsrc↗ | Huawei 5G deployedsrc↗ | No GDPR adequacysrc↗ | Below top-3 US partnersrc↗ | China top-2 partnersrc↗ | Below top-3 EU partnersrc↗ | USD shadow usesrc↗ | BRI lender exposuresrc↗ | EUR minor reservessrc↗ |